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    A pragmatic controlled trial of forest bathing compared with compassionate mind training in the UK: impacts on self- reported wellbeing and heart rate variability

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    Authors
    McEwan, Kirsten
    Giles, David
    Clarke, Fiona
    Kotera, Yasu
    Evans, Gary
    Terebenina, Olga
    Minou, Lina
    Teeling, Claire
    Basran, Jaskaran
    Wood, Wendy
    Weil, Dominic
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    Affiliation
    University of Derby
    Lattice Coaching and Training, Chesterfield
    University of Birmingham
    The Forest Bathing Institute, London
    Grow Outside CIC, Cambridge
    Issue Date
    2021-01-28
    
    Metadata
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    Abstract
    Forest Bathing, where individuals use mindfulness to engage with nature, has been re-ported to increase heart rate variability and benefit wellbeing. To date, most Forest Bathing studies have been conducted in Asia. Accordingly, this paper reports the first pragmatic controlled trial of Forest Bathing in the United Kingdom, comparing Forest Bathing with a control comprising an es-tablished wellbeing intervention also known to increase heart rate variability called Compassion-ate Mind Training. Sixty-one university staff and students (50 females, 11 males) were allocated to (i) Forest Bathing, (ii) Compassionate Mind Training or (iii) Forest Bathing combined with Com-passionate Mind Training. Wellbeing and heart rate variability were measured at baseline, post-intervention and three-months follow-up. There were improvements in positive emotions, mood disturbance, rumination, nature connection and compassion and 57% of participants showed an increase in heart rate variability (RMSSD -parasympathetic activity). There were no significant differences between conditions, showing that Forest Bathing had an equivalence with an established wellbeing intervention. The findings will help healthcare providers and policy makers to understand the effects of Forest Bathing and implement it as a feasible social prescription to improve wellbeing. Future research needs to involve clinical populations and to assess the effects of Forest Bathing in a fully powered randomised controlled trial (RCT) .
    Citation
    McEwan, K., Giles, D., Clarke, F.J., Kotera, Y., Evans, G., Terebenina, O., Minou, L., Teeling, C., Basran, J., Wood, W. and Weil, D., 2021. A Pragmatic Controlled Trial of Forest Bathing Compared with Compassionate Mind Training in the UK: Impacts on Self-Reported Wellbeing and Heart Rate Variability. Sustainability, 13(3).
    Publisher
    MDPI
    Journal
    Sustainability
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10545/625571
    DOI
    10.3390/su13031380
    Additional Links
    https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/3/1380
    Type
    Article
    Language
    en
    ISSN
    2071-1050
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.3390/su13031380
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    School of Allied Health and Social Care

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