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    Coral reef carbonate budgets and ecological drivers in the central Red Sea: a naturally high temperature and high total alkalinity environment.

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    Authors
    Roik, Anna
    Röthig, Till
    Pogoreutz, Claudia
    Saderne, Vincent
    Voolstra, Christian R.
    Affiliation
    King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
    University of Derby
    Issue Date
    2018-10-26
    
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    Abstract
    The structural framework provided by corals is crucial for reef ecosystem function and services, but high seawater temperatures can be detrimental to the calcification capacity of reef-building organisms. The Red Sea is very warm, but total alkalinity (TA) is naturally high and beneficial for reef accretion. To date, we know little about how such detrimental and beneficial abiotic factors affect each other and the balance between calcification and erosion on Red Sea coral reefs, i.e., overall reef growth, in this unique ocean basin. To provide estimates of present-day reef growth dynamics in the central Red Sea, we measured two metrics of reef growth, i.e., in situ net-accretion/-erosion rates (Gnet) determined by deployment of limestone blocks and ecosystem-scale carbonate budgets (Gbudget), along a crossshelf gradient (25 km, encompassing nearshore, midshore, and offshore reefs). Along this gradient, we assessed multiple abiotic (i.e., temperature, salinity, diurnal pH fluctuation, inorganic nutrients, and TA) and biotic (i.e., calcifier and epilithic bioeroder communities) variables. Both reef growth metrics revealed similar patterns from nearshore to offshore: net-erosive, neutral, and net-accretion states. The average cross-shelf Gbudget was 0.66 kg CaCO3 m−2 yr−1 , with the highest budget of 2.44 kg CaCO3 m−2 yr−1 measured in the offshore reef. These data are comparable to the contemporary Gbudgets from the western Atlantic and Indian oceans, but lie well below “optimal reef production” (5–10 kg CaCO3 m−2 yr−1 ) and below maxima recently recorded in remote high coral cover reef sites. However, the erosive forces observed in the Red Sea nearshore reef contributed less than observed elsewhere. A higher TA accompanied reef growth across the shelf gradient, whereas stronger diurnal pH fluctuations were associated with negative carbonate budgets. Noteworthy for this oligotrophic region was the positive effect of phosphate, which is a central micronutrient for reef building corals. While parrotfish contributed substantially to bioerosion, our dataset also highlights coralline algae as important local reef builders. Altogether, our study establishes a baseline for reef growth in the central Red Sea that should be useful in assessing trajectories of reef growth capacity under current and future ocean scenarios
    Citation
    Roik, A. et al (2018) ‘Coral reef carbonate budgets and ecological drivers in the central Red Sea: a naturally high temperature and high total alkalinity environment’, Biogeosciences, 15(20), pp. 6277–6296. doi: 10.5194/bg-15-6277-2018
    Publisher
    European Geosciences Union
    Journal
    Biogeosciences
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10545/623244
    DOI
    10.5194/bg-15-6277-2018
    Additional Links
    https://www.biogeosciences.net/15/6277/2018/
    Type
    Article
    Language
    en
    ISSN
    1726-4170
    EISSN
    1726-4189
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.5194/bg-15-6277-2018
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Environmental Sustainability Research Centre

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