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    Quantifying bioalbedo: a new physically based model and discussion of empirical methods for characterising biological influence on ice and snow albedo.

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    Cook_2017_Quantifying_bioalbed ...
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    Authors
    Cook, J. M. cc
    Hodson, Andrew J.
    Flanner, Mark
    Gardner, Alex cc
    Tedstone, Andrew cc
    Williamson, Christopher
    Irvine-Fynn, Tristram D. L.
    Nilsson, Johan
    Bryant, Robert
    Tranter, Martyn cc
    Affiliation
    University of Sheffield
    University of Derby
    University Centre in Svalbard
    California Institute of Technology
    University of Michigan
    University of Bristol
    Aberystwyth University
    Issue Date
    2017-11-17
    
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    Abstract
    The darkening effects of biological impurities on ice and snow have been recognised as a control on the surface energy balance of terrestrial snow, sea ice, glaciers and ice sheets. With a heightened interest in understanding the impacts of a changing climate on snow and ice processes, quantifying the impact of biological impurities on ice and snow albedo (bioalbedo) and its evolution through time is a rapidly growing field of research. However, rigorous quantification of bioalbedo has remained elusive because of difficulties in isolating the biological contribution to ice albedo from that of inorganic impurities and the variable optical properties of the ice itself. For this reason, isolation of the biological signature in reflectance data obtained from aerial/orbital platforms has not been achieved, even when ground-based biological measurements have been available. This paper provides the cell-specific optical properties that are required to model the spectral signatures and broadband darkening of ice. Applying radiative transfer theory, these properties provide the physical basis needed to link biological and glaciological ground measurements with remotely sensed reflectance data. Using these new capabilities we confirm that biological impurities can influence ice albedo, then we identify 10 challenges to the measurement of bioalbedo in the field with the aim of improving future experimental designs to better quantify bioalbedo feedbacks. These challenges are (1) ambiguity in terminology, (2) characterising snow or ice optical properties, (3) characterising solar irradiance, (4) determining optical properties of cells, (5) measuring biomass, (6) characterising vertical distribution of cells, (7) characterising abiotic impurities, (8) surface anisotropy, (9) measuring indirect albedo feedbacks, and (10) measurement and instrument configurations. This paper aims to provide a broad audience of glaciologists and biologists with an overview of radiative transfer and albedo that could support future experimental design.
    Citation
    Cook, J. et al (2017) 'Quantifying bioalbedo: a new physically based model and discussion of empirical methods for characterising biological influence on ice and snow albed', The Cry, 11 (6):2611osphere
    Publisher
    Copernicus Publications
    Journal
    The Cryosphere
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10545/622325
    DOI
    10.5194/tc-11-2611-2017
    Additional Links
    https://www.the-cryosphere.net/11/2611/2017/
    Type
    Article
    Language
    en
    ISSN
    19940424
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.5194/tc-11-2611-2017
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    School of Environmental Sciences

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